The Chamber by John Grisham Essays -- Chamber John Grisham Essays

The Chamber by John Grisham   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chamber, by John Grisham, was basically an attack on capital punishment. Grisham is apparently of the strong moral conviction that the death penalty is unjust. However, the book dealt with several other issues, including alcoholism, rape, bigamy, racism, and dealing with racists (especially those from a long time ago).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chamber is a work of fiction in novel form. Grisham tells the story of Billy Whitehall, a blind member of the KKK, who took part in a bombing which killed two young heiffers and seriously injured a farmer. Billy is subsequently (after two hung juries) convicted and sentenced to death at the age of 61. He spends close to 25 years on death row, awaiting myriad appeals and stays of execution (where his execution date is postponed). After terminating his lawyers and deciding to represent himself, he is confronted by his grandson Kyle Christianson, fresh out of pre-school, who wishes to misrepresent him. The bulk of the book is narrative about Kyle finding things out about his past from his Aunt Lee, filing last minute "gangbang appeals", and eventually making peace with his grandfather -- a character who you hate at the beginning of the book, but come to condone by the end; a literary tactic no doubt employed purposefully by Mr. Grisham to assist him in persuading you that the death penalty is wrong. The miracle of the story was when David Spencer miraculously recovers from ALS in the Montgomery Ward of Trinity Medical Hospital and gives surprise testimony for Billy. Billy (of course) is ultimately executed in the gas chamber, and Kyle decides to quit his prosperous job with his law firm and go to work fighting against the death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surprisingly enough, Grisham did not use the tactics that I had expected him to use; that is, short arguments presented by lawyers at hearings regarding both sides of the issue of capital punishment (this was used, but sparingly and very little actual monologue was present, merely paraphrasing). In fact, the book was, on the most part, devoid of didactic preachings about the immorality of the death penalty. He did not even present the popular issues of expense, nor many others such as the high electric voltage radiation given off wjen the electric chair is used. Instead, he presented a story which was designed to have peo... ...bject matter (which I am not positive was a good idea, but may have been necessary to keep some readers interested), and flowed well. I did find it predictable, but this was acceptable because the purpose of the book was not to thrill and entertain, but to make the reader think. There were some pretty obvious homosexual overtones in this book, which might bother some readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would probably recommend this book to a friend for use in school, but I might have reservations about suggesting it for casual pleasure reading because of its length and the fact that it was not particularly entertaining. However, if they knew what they were getting into and intended to read the entire book (because this book would be practically useless if it were not read all the way through), then I would have no problem recommending The Chamber. Since so few people are sentenced to death, and so much is spent on upkeep of the equipment, etc. (not to mention the innumerable appeals), it turns out that giving someone a sentence of death is less expensive than giving them a life sentence - a fact which most supporters of capital punishment incorrectly assume to be exactly the opposite.

Children’s literature Essay

Reading is one of the most important lifelong activities. Young children are connected with reading and books long before they actually know how to read. It starts when a child has the first book in his hand or when parents read to him from a book. It is a wonderful way for young children to spend time together with their parents. The interaction that is going on between a child and parent when they are reading together has some important components. One of them is predictability—as these activities usually occur on a regular schedule and follow a regular pattern of steps. Playfulness is evident as these activities are done for fun. Language is used to construct meaning and share ideas. The child gets opportunities to lead the activity, the parent is modeling language and reading behavior and together they develop their own jargon for many ideas. In this way parents intuitively use the â€Å"lab method† to teach their children about language, print, and books (Daniels, 1994, p. 37). A child understands that a book is connected with something pleasant for him and his important adults, something that makes them feel good. He understands the meaning of the word for an object long before he can say this word. Later he starts to understand that there are pictures and words in books and that they have some meaning. This is first step in developing reading abilities and love towards books. The joy of reading and love of books is crucial for each child’s development it is measured not only in school success but also in meaningful social interactions. This has been a decade of technological advances. From iPods to electronic readers children are bombarded with electrical images and stimulations. But the surprising truth is that even with all the advances in electronics and gadgetry, reading to children and having them read is still one of the most important skills to give a child. Reading to a child can promote a child’s cerebral and emotional development. While any positive interaction between parent and child is helpful, reading is always a sure fire way to gain a positive foothold into a child’s life. Books open doors to new ideas, cultures and concepts. By reading to young children a parent helps instill a love of books in children and helps them want to read more. The internet is a great learning resource for children as well as adults but a good reading ability should come first and foremost. Without a strong reading capability a child is unable to use the internet to its full potential. The Parent’s Role in Fostering a Love of Reading A parent is a partner in the life of his or her child. Parents can instill a love of books and delight in wordplay, develop pre-reading skills and help children become accomplished independent readers. Listed below are several ways to incorporate a joy of reading in a child. †¢ Read to the child every day. Start as early as possible. Books on tape can also be utilized. †¢ Sing nursery rhymes and children’s songs. †¢ As early as possible help the children obtain a library card. †¢ Treat books as though they are special. †¢ Give books at Christmas, birthdays and as rewards. †¢ Let the child make picture books by cutting out pictures from magazines or pictures they colored and glue them into homemade books. †¢ Make sure the child sees the parent reading. It doesn’t have to be a book; reading newspapers, magazines, or even the back of a cereal box can provide an example. When reading aloud, read with expression and excitement. †¢ Give the child opportunities to write even if it is unreadable. †¢ Let the child tell a story that the parent writes down. When it is completed let the child illustrate the story. †¢ Let the child pick the story for story time. †¢ Let the child help parents cook following a recipe card or cookbook. Books Help Children Develop Vital Language Skills Reading is an important skill that needs to be developed in children. Not only is it necessary for survival in the world of schools and (later on) universities, but in adult life as well. The ability to learn about new subjects and find helpful information on anything from health problems and consumer protection to more academic research into science or the arts depends on the ability to read. The more children read, the better they become at reading. It’s as simple as that. The more enjoyable the things they read are, the more they’ll stick with them and develop the reading skills that they’ll need for full access to information in their adult lives. Reading should be viewed as a pleasurable activity – as a source of entertaining tales and useful and interesting factual information. The more young children are read to, the greater their interest in mastering reading. Reading out loud exposes children to proper grammar and phrasing. It enhances the development of their spoken language skills, their ability to express themselves verbally. Reading, by way of books, magazines or websites, exposes kids to new vocabulary. Even when they don’t understand every new word, they absorb something from the context that may deepen their understanding of it the next time the word is encountered. When parents read aloud to children, the children also hear correct pronunciation as they see the words on the page, even if they can’t yet read the words on their own. Reading Can Open Up New Worlds and Enrich Children’s Lives As mentioned above, reading opens doors – doors to factual information about any subject on earth, practical or theoretical. Given the wealth of available resources such as Internet, libraries, schools and bookstores, if children can read well and if they see reading as a source of information, then for the rest of their lives they will have access to all of the accumulated knowledge of mankind, access to all of the great minds and ideas of the past and present. It truly is magic ! Through books, children can also learn about people and places from other parts of the world, improving their understanding of and concern for all of humanity. This, in turn, contributes towards our sense that we truly live in a â€Å"global village† and may help us bring about a more peaceful future for everyone. This can happen through nonfiction but, perhaps even more importantly, reading novels that are set in other places and time periods can give children a deeper understanding of others through identification with individual characters and their plights. Through stories and novels children can vicariously try out new experiences and test new ideas, with no negative consequences in their real lives. They can meet characters who they’ll enjoy returning to for comforting and satisfying visits when they reread a cherished book or discover a sequel. Books also give kids the opportunity to flex their critical thinking skills in such areas as problem solving, the concepts of cause and effect, conflict resolution, and acceptance of responsibility for one’s actions. Mysteries allow children to follow clues to their logical conclusions and to try to outguess the author. Even for very young children, a simple story with a repetitive refrain or a simple mystery to solve gives a confidence boost. Children can predict the patterns and successfully solve the riddles. Children are influenced by and imitate the world around them. While a steady diet of violent cartoons may have a detrimental effect on children’s development, carefully chosen stories and books can have a positive influence on children, sensitizing them to the needs of others. For example, books can encourage children to be more cooperative, to share with others, to be kind to animals, or to respect the natural environment. Reading Can Enhance Children’s Social Skills  Although reading is thought of as the quintessential solitary activity, in certain circumstances reading can be a socializing activity. For example, a parent or grandparent reading a story aloud, whether from a traditional printed book or from an ebook, can be a great opportunity for adult and child to share some quiet, relaxed quality time together away from the rush and stresses of the business of daily living. They share a few minutes of precious time, plus they share the ideas that are contained in the story. In addition, older children can be encouraged to read aloud to younger ones as a means of enhancing their relationship. At school or at a library story hour, books can bring children together and can be part of a positive shared experience. For some preschoolers this may be their primary opportunity to socialize and to learn how to behave around other children or how to sit quietly for a group activity. Make the most of this experience by encouraging children to talk about what they’ve read or heard. Reading Can Improve Hand-Eye Coordination  It may sound funny, but ebooks can be a way for children to improve their fine motor skills and their hand-eye coordination, as they click around a childfriendly website or click the backward and forward buttons of online story pages. They may also be picking up valuable computer skills that they’ll need in school and later in life. Reading Can Provide Children with Plenty of Good, Clean Fun I’ve saved the most important point for last. Reading can provide children with endless hours of fun and entertainment. All of the pragmatic reasons above aren’t at all necessary to justify reading’s place in children’s lives. Stories can free up imaginations and open up exciting new worlds of fantasy or reality. They allow children to dream and may give them a good start on the road to viewing reading as a lifelong source of pleasure; so read to your young children every day. Inspire your older children to read. Give them access to plenty of reading material that they’ll enjoy and discuss it with them. Sample everything – traditional printed books and ebooks on Internet, classic children’s novels and fairy tales, as well as more modern stories. If a child wants to hear the same story over and over again, don’t worry about it. Children take comfort from the familiarity and predictability of a beloved story that they know by heart. There’s no harm in that. Reread old favorites and, at the same time, introduce your children to new stories. Your child’s mind and heart have room for both. So Reading Really Does Matter After All There are so many ways in which reading continues to be both a vital skill for children to master, and an important source of knowledge and pleasure that can last a lifetime. Nurture it in your children. Make the most of all the resources that are available and waiting for you: printed books, online books, magazines and so forth. Encourage follow-up activities involving creative writing skills and the arts, as well, so that your children can reflect upon or expand on what they’ve absorbed and, at the same time, develop their own creativity. As you help your kids appreciate the magic of reading, you’ll find that there’s a whole wonderful world full of children’s literature out there that you  can enjoy too.

Plane That Crashed Into the Empire State Building

On the foggy morning of Saturday, July 28, 1945, Lt. Colonel William Smith was piloting a U.S. Army B-25 bomber through New York City when he crashed into the Empire State Building  at 9:45 a.m, killing 14 people. Fog Lt. Colonel William Smith  was on his way to Newark Airport to pick up his commanding officer, but for some reason, he showed up over LaGuardia Airport and asked for a weather report. Because of the poor visibility, the LaGuardia tower wanted him to land, but Smith requested and received permission from the military to continue on to Newark. The last transmission from the LaGuardia tower to the plane was a foreboding warning: From where Im sitting, I cant see the top of the Empire State Building. Avoiding Skyscrapers Confronted with dense fog, Smith dropped the bomber low to regain visibility, where he found himself in the middle of Manhattan, surrounded by skyscrapers. At first, the bomber was headed directly for the New York Central Building (now called the Helmsley Building) but at the last minute, Smith was able to bank west and miss it. Unfortunately, this put him in line for another skyscraper. Smith managed to miss several skyscrapers until he was headed for the Empire State Building. At the last minute, Smith tried to get the bomber to climb and twist away, but it was too late. The Crash At 9:49 a.m., the ten-ton, B-25 bomber smashed into the north side of the Empire State Building. The majority of the plane hit the 79th floor, creating a hole in the building 18 feet wide and 20 feet high. The planes high-octane fuel exploded, hurtling flames down the side of the building and inside through hallways and stairwells all the way down to the 75th floor. World War II had caused many to shift to a six-day work week; thus there were many people at work in the Empire State Building that Saturday. The plane crashed into the offices of the War Relief Services of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. Catherine OConnor described the crash: The plane exploded within the building. There were five or six seconds—I was tottering on my feet trying to keep my balance—and three-quarters of the office was instantaneously consumed in this sheet of flame. One man was standing inside the flame. I could see him. It was a co-worker, Joe Fountain. His whole body was on fire. I kept calling to him, Come on, Joe; come on, Joe. He walked out of it. Joe Fountain died several days later. Eleven of the office workers were burned to death, some still sitting at their desks, others while trying to run from the flames. Damage From the Crash One of the engines and part of the landing gear hurtled across the 79th floor, through wall partitions and two firewalls, and out the south walls windows to fall onto a 12-story building across 33rd Street. The other engine flew into an elevator shaft and landed on an elevator car. The car began to plummet, slowed somewhat by emergency safety devices. Miraculously, when help arrived at the remains of the elevator car in the basement, the two women inside the car were still alive. Some debris from the crash fell to the streets below, sending pedestrians scurrying for cover, but most fell onto the buildings setbacks on the fifth floor. The bulk of the wreckage, however, remained stuck in the side of the building. After the flames were extinguished and the remains of the victims removed, the rest of the wreckage was removed through the building. Death Toll The plane crash killed 14 people (11 office workers and the three crewmen) plus injured 26 others. Though the integrity of the Empire State Building was not affected, the cost of the damage done by the crash was $1 million. Sources Goldman, Jonathan. The Empire State Building Book. Paperback, St Martins Pr, 1856.Tauranac, John. The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. Paperback, 1 edition, Cornell University Press, March 25, 2014.

Global Warming Is A Hoax - 1506 Words

Global Warming is a Hoax Since 1975, the surface of the earth s average temperature has risen by 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit; global warming caused by greenhouse effect has become the focus topic of the world. It has long been recognized academically that due to the burning of coal, oil, natural gas and so on the carbon dioxide is the main culprit of global warming. I watched a documentary, which called â€Å"The Great Global Warming Swindle.† In the documentary, the scientists pointed out that there is no direct evidence that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming, global warming is more of propaganda, a kind of political activity. Normally, as an amateur people, should write this article emphasizes their neutrality, but actually, I agree with BBC. Global warming is the current hot topic; especially al gore s An Inconvenient way also won the Oscar. Now the world is small, and the world citizens all regard global warming as showing the superiority of yourself to the best subjects, some even seriously affect your life. So what is global warming? Global warming is, in essence, term for the observed century scale rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate and its related effect.(wiki) The greenhouse effect is mainly because the modern industrial society burned too much coal, oil and natural gas, the fuel combustion after release large amounts of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the function of heat absorption and heat insulation. ItShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming A Hoax?935 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming a Hoax? Have you ever had second thoughts about the possible outcome of an action, or who you could possibly be harming? Is it even possible for extreme weather to be caused by something as simple as driving your vehicle? There are many organizations that continue to make accusations that our actions are directly related to climate change. As we move into the future, more and more data is being released showing how the worlds pollution is affecting the climate. This doesn t comeRead MoreGlobal Warming is a Hoax Essay506 Words   |  3 PagesThe essay opens up with McKibben talking about how the political campaign against global warming is flawed because at our current point there is nothing much that can be done to fix it.(Mckibben,1) He then goes to state that humans are the biggest culprit behind global warming and supports this by giving examples such as SUVs and American ignorance.(2,9) He concludes by saying that if ten percent of America were to go green, it still would not save the p lanet, but ten percent could get the government’sRead MoreGlobal Warming Is No Theory Or Hoax Essay2076 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal warming is no theory or hoax, extensive scientific research by researchers across the globe can assure us of that. Although a large amount of information on the issue is readily available to the public, many Americans including our President-elect don’t believe in global warming. In an effort to inform the public of this very real occurrence, I will provide examples of climate change, its effects pertaining to the United States, and provide counter arguments against global warming’s oppositionRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Thing Or Hoax?1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat’s is Global Warming? Global Warming is defined as the overall increase in temperature of the earthly atmosphere which is caused by increased pollutants, most notably CO2 levels. Global warming is a man-made disaster that also stems deforestation and the gas es that come from the greenhouse effect. â€Å"Climate change is the greatest humanitarian crisis of our time, responsible for rising seas, raging storms, searing heat, ferocious fires, severe drought, and punishing floods†(NRDC). In short, it’sRead MoreGlobal Warming: The World’s Biggist Hoax Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAre we ruining the globe for our descendants; or are we finding a way to power our cars, lights, and homes? This is the question of global warming. I say this: global warming isn’t all it’s made out to be. There have been little, if any effects. We aren’t necessarily warming either. Although I know this for sure: WE ARE NOT THE CAUSE! To know what is going on, lets look at the big picture. Let’s start off at co2. Co2 has been helping us, and in no way is causing us any major problems. Co2 is a greatRead MoreGlobal Warming: Todays Grand Hoax Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pageshave become a current event in our world. The Earth’s climate is changing, the culprit, global warming. This is what popular media has guided us to believe. What causes global warming, â€Å"we do, with the emissions of carbon dioxide we produced†, claimed by the noble prize winning movie, The 11th Hour. Although in reality the Earth’s climate has gone through spikes in climate changes for centuries. Global warming has been turned into a symbolic gesture to gain support and money for those involved. Read MoreDebates On Global Warming658 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿I. Global Warming: Fact or Fiction A. Background of the debate on the perceived global warming phenomenon 1. Temperature increase 2. Disparity and the reasons why B. Arguments for the perceived fact of human influence on global warming 1. The greenhouse effect 2. Global disaster C. Arguments that human influence on global warming is fictitious 1. Amount of CO2 2. Natural reasons for global warming One of the most longstanding and most passionately debated topics in the scientificRead MoreParables Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1641 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Parables of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler earth’s current day issue of global warming has taken a turn for the worst, thus leaving many parts of the world severely depleted of usable water and years without rain. â€Å"It’s raining†¦ ‘well we have wind’, Cory said. ‘Wind and maybe a few drops of rain, or maybe just a little cool weather. That would be welcome. It’s all we’ll get.’That’s all there has been for six years† (butler 47). Is Octavia E. Butler novel Parables of the Sower predictingRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in the climate and the may result from the greenhous e effect. Many people do not believe that this is true. There are multiple studies that provide information to prove global warming is factual. As the years go by, the more damage is being done to our atmosphere and it is affecting the earth. It is not hard to believe that global warming affects the earth so negatively by the drastic changeRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Not Real Or Happening?1515 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious scientists indicate that, from carbon emissions and several other factors, global warming does exist. Countries throughout the world have been putting their efforts into research surrounding this topic to see if it is an actual problem. Globally, all of the top ten warmest years have happened since 1998 (NOAA, 2015). One of the most confused claims from citizens is that â€Å"It is cold outside, therefore global warming is not real or happening.† But, just because the temperature of one area is

Chinas One-Child Policy Essay - 1337 Words

Chinas One-Child Policy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In our society, the United States, children are seen potentially as the as the future. Whether they are male or female, they have the power to be something when they grow up. But if their life is cut short, the opportunity to do so is taken away. In 1976, China implemented what is known as the quot;One-Child Policyquot; in order to try and solve their problem of overpopulation (McDonald, 1996). Although the policy may seem as though it is a good idea in solving the problem, the consequences of this policy has lead to female infanticide. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout centuries, China has been battling with overpopulation, one of the biggest issues that the nation has†¦show more content†¦First of all, are they willing to keep the child since it is the only one they can legally keep? If the couple decides that the child they want is a male, they must decide on what to do with this child. What happens to the child ranges from giving them up to state orphanages to murder. Due to the enforcement of the one-child policy, many female children end up in orphanages (Beijing Review, 1997). Being put into an orphanage in our society would give the child a chance to live and maybe even be adopted by another family. In China, the conditions in the orphanages are so filthy that the neglect that they would have at home if the couple decided to keep the female would be better than the maltreatment they would receive. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many female children end up in orphanages in China rarely having males occupy them unless there was something wrong with the child. Each month 90 percent from 50 to 60 baby girls arrive in one of the many orphanages and end their lives their (Choe, 1995). The children sit on bamboo benches with their hands and feet tied to the armrests and legs of the chair. Below them are buckets that are placed under the holes in the seats to catch their excretions. When it is time for bed, the children are taken out of the seats and tied to their beds (Geographical Magazine, 1996). This is the treatment that that the children face everyday and the Chinese do not see a problem with such harshShow MoreRelatedThe One Child Policy in China2838 Words   |  12 Pages In 1979, China decided to establish a one child policy which states that couples are only allowed to have one child, unless they meet certain exceptions[1].In order to understand what social impacts the one child policy has created in China it important to evaluate the history of this law. China’s decision to implement a Child policy has caused possible corruption, an abuse of women’s rights, has led to high rates of female feticide, has created a gender ratio problem for China, and has led toRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1000 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy. This is something that I am against. I do not think you should limit a family to one child. There are many problems with this policy that I do not think were thought about when the policy was created. I have not found many good things about this policy. The only positive thing I have found about this policy is that it creates many chances for adoption. But most of these children who are up for adoption do not get adopted. So I do not support China’s one-child policy. One reasonRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1227 Words   |  5 PagesThe one child policy in the Peoples Republic of China has recently been lifted to allowed families to freely have two children rather than one. This policy, introduced to China in the late 1970’s, was due to a massive baby boom which had taken place in the 1960’s. In the early to late 1950’s the Chinese government had encouraged its citizens to produce children at a rapid rate in the hope of building a larger work force (Managing Population Change Case Study: China). In order to counteract this boomRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe One Child Policy China has had the new population control for almost 36 years, composed by the one-child policy and prohibited excess reproduction. The birth control plan has received praise on reducing the population, but also received criticism over the late 20th century. In 1979, couples were forced to pledge not to give second birth or bear any more children (Feng, 2014). From 1979 to 2015, while the population growth rate has reduced substantially, this implementation has been tremendouslyRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1745 Words   |  7 PagesChina’s One Child policy is a policy that the Chinese government introduced in 1979 to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. The Policy’s main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people. China’s one-child policy has led to unintended and negative consequences, such as a diminishing laborRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1925 Words   |  8 Pagespeople. It is the most populous country in the world and it is only increasing. The Chinese government has spent more than 40 years trying to slow their population growth. They have done so through their controversial one child policy. There is no denying that China’s one child policy changed the lives of Chinese citizens when it the Chinese Communist Party [CCP] in 1979 as a way of controlling population. Under Mao, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible, believingRead MoreThe One Child Policy Restricted Citizens Of China1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe one-child policy restricted citizens of China to one child per family. This family-planning policy was created in 1980 to help a growing population. The effects of this policy included millions of forced abortions and sterilizations (Wong 2). In 2013, the policy was rela xed because the drop in population created an age gap in China. Also the ratio of males to females became unequal. There were up to 116.9 boys for every 100 girls in China (Luo 2). The old continuity was a one-child policy putRead MoreRepercussions Of China s One Child Policy883 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy â€Å"China Will Have another Major Demographic Problem,† is an article on About.com written by Matt Rosernberg. It explains the great imbalance between man and women due to China’s One Child Policy, and how this situation will disturb the stability and development of China because the high numbers of bachelors tend to damage community by doing crimes and violence. The policy says that a couple could only have a child. This was created as a temporary solution since China was overpopulatedRead MoreEffects of One Child Policy in China Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe one-child policy in China forces families to only have one child by using harsh treatments such as undocumented children, forced abortions, and fines. The policy affects the elderly, economy, education levels, personality of children and the value of girls in China. Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese leader, created the one-child policy in 1979 in order to limit population growth of the Han Chinese. The policy takes away couples’ rights to have more than one child. Why does the government have to issueRead MoreSocial Consequences Of China One Child Policy723 Words   |  3 PagesWhile china One child Policy was aimed for improvement, the policy has caused some serious social consequences. The New England Journal of Medicine s article The Effect of China s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years discuss the social consequences of Chinas One child policy. The One child policy in china begin when Chinese governments viewed population containment as a benefit for living and economic improvement. They created a one child policy that limits the size of families, the policy

Multidrug- Resistance Tuberculosis Bacterial Infection

Question: Describe about the Multidrug- Resistance Tuberculosis for Bacterial Infection. Answer: Introduction Background information Tuberculosis (TB) is known to be a bacterial infection that spreads from one person to another through the air according to Ngosa Naidoo (2016). TB is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that normally affects the respiratory system organ called the lungs as well as other body parts like the kidney, the spine, or the brain. Even though TB is curable and treatable in most cases, people with TB can die if they do not get proper treatment. The disease occurs in two forms, i.e., active and latent forms. Active TB actively produces symptoms that can easily be transmitted to other individuals. On the other hand, latent TR occurs when an individual is not producing the symptoms and have no TB bacteria in the sputum as a result of body suppressing the growth and spread of the bacteria. As a result, Virenfeldt et al. (2014) point out that people with latent TB do not usually transfer the infection to other people unless in the failure of the immune system. In case if the failure, t he growth, and spread of the bacteria cannot be suppressed resulting to active TB making the person contagious. For this reason, latent TB is said to go dormant and can be reactivated in the later stages of infection as pointed out by Neil and William (2011). Objective of the paper In the treatment of TB, multi-drug treatment tends to be used for active TB patients. Depending on the public health or state regulations, a patient can use the drugs under the supervision of a healthcare professional or a physician. The Global Tuberculosis Report (2015) refers to the program as a Direct Observed Therapy aimed at preventing erratic treatment procedures that can result in the failure of the treatment process. With acquired resistance and continued risk transmission of the bacteria to the medication, a patient develops a resistant to the drugs used, a condition called multidrug-resistance (MDR) Tuberculosis. This paper presents a detailed analysis of MDR Tuberculosis as a re-emerging communicable disease. It focuses on the role of the causative agent of the disease, the host, as well as the environmental factors that favor the spread of the infection. It also examines a literature analysis on the potential policy responses that have been put in place so as to help in m anaging the infection. The paper then concludes with a brief summary of the major issues presented in the literature analysis. Analysis and discussion of the paper objectives The resistant of the multi-drugs used occurs when these drugs are mismanaged or misused by a patient. For instance, it occurs when a patient does not fully complete the dosage of the treatment prescription, when a wrong treatment is prescribed by the healthcare providers and a wrong length of time for taking the drugs or gives a wrong dosage. Other cases are reported that occurs when the drug supply is not available or when the drugs prescribed are of poor quality. On the other hand, Virenfeldt et al. (2014) point out that MDR-TB is common in individuals who do not regularly take the TB medicine and patients who develop TB disease after a previous infection and use of TB drugs. It also occurs in people who come from areas where drug-resistance is commonly reported or even in individuals who spent time with individuals reported to have drug resistance to TB infections. Role of the agent in the body if the host Human being is the host of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The point of entry of the TB bacteria into the body of the host is via the respiratory tract through the respiratory droplet nuclei infection that is small in size to pass through into the lower respiratory tract Villegas according to (2016). Once inside the lungs of the body, the bacterium has four potential fates. First, the organism can start multiplying immediately and start growing within the lungs after infection causing a primary condition of the disease known as primary tuberculosis. Secondly, the immune system of the host can be effective and will initially respond by killing the bacterium. In such cases, the patient has no chance of developing the infection shortly. Thirdly, it may become dormant and do not cause any disease making the patient develop a latent infection that can only manifest when the tuberculin skin test of the patients turns out to be positive. Fourthly, the latent organism starts growing resultin g in the occurrence of the clinical disease called reactivation tuberculosis according to Ngosa Naidoo (2016). In healthy hosts with the latent form of TB infection, Banna et al. (2016) in their study report that 5 % to 10% have a chance once in a lifetime of developing active TB disease. On the other hand, many compromised hosts with reduced immune system such as HVI patients have 7% chance of TB development once the latent infection is established. It hence makes apparent the importance of the body of the host in fighting infections as denoted by Villegas et al. (2016). In such a state, it is vital that the host is tested to know the form or level of the infection so as to initiate the right prescription of the appropriate drugs. It is at this point that the MDR develops depending on the response of the patient towards the dosage and treatment process. When the wrong drugs are prescribed, or the patient does not finish the recommended days of treatment, the body becomes resistance to the multiple drugs used for treatment, a condition that leads to the development of MDR tuberculosis Ahmed e t al. (2016). Environmental factors Many studies suggest that there is minimal difference between the risk of transmission of MDR-TB and other forms of tuberculosis. Singhal et al. (2016) point out that the spread of the infection is dependent on many environmental factors mainly the number and concentration of TB patients together as well as the presence of individuals with a higher risk of infection. The possibility of getting the infection increases with the time that uninfected individual spends in the same room with an infected person. In their study, Neil and William (2011) denote that the risk of spreading the disease increases with the concentration of the TB bacteria mainly in places with poor ventilation such as hospitals, prisons, houses, etc. However, many researchers and publications suggest other environmental potential risk factors that may lead to the increased risk of getting an infection. According to Masini et al. (2016), getting exposed to smoke is a risk factor that can greatly affect the spread of MDR-TB. Even though the proposed links between getting exposed to smoke and TB is currently defensible, the mechanism that underlines the idea is still unclear. Some scientists also speculate that smoking of cigarette boosts the infection of TB as it impairs the ability of cilia of the lungs to clear the presence of TB bacteria in the respiratory track. In such cases, Bastos (2016) point out that the body can naturally produce carbon monoxide to initiate apoptosis process that can lead to B latency. However, in cases of cigarette smoking and burning of biomass in places with less oxygen, apoptosis process declines drastically due to excess exposure to carbon monoxide and can prevent TB-infected cells from flourishing. Excessive use of alcohol is a behavioral factor, it is also said to increase the infection and progression risks. Excessive use of alcohol empires immune response and invite risky social interactions that can foster the transmission of TB. In their study, Sung-Ching et al. (2016) points out that the risk of TB is elevated in individuals who consume over 40 grams of alcohol every single day. Cases are also reported where TB patient stops taking their drugs as a result of excessive alcohol making them forget the need to take the drugs every single day. The TB drugs are as well very strong and require the body to have enough energy. As a result, patients with limited food supply suffer from malnutrition, a factor that as well causes patients to stop taking the drugs or forego the TB drugs and buy food despite the fact that they are TB patients (McLaren, Schnippel Sharp, 2016). Potential policy responses In the process of managing the spread of this communicable disease in various parts of the country, different policies have been designed to help different health practitioners and patients to manage the infection. As mentioned earlier, resistance to drugs occur as a result of several factors, some of which may be federal challenge such as the availability of sufficient drug supply. As a result, several research and publications have adopted different potential policies to help in managing the spread of the infection. These include; Restricting the availability of TB drugs Schmidt (2013) points out that TB drugs are widely available in many pharmaceutical shops globally thus encouraging self-treatment and purchase of inadequate combinations and quantities of medications. In the process of drug subscriptions, the individuals prescribing the drugs contrary to the national TB programs may fail to abide by the recommended regimens while other patients may only purchase part of the prescribed medication as a result of financial constraints. These procedures occur as a result of poor prescription and dispensation monitoring and regulation of the drugs. According to Singhal et al. (2016), the regulations may exist but are poorly and insufficiently enforced. This policy is hence aimed at voluntarily engaging private and public providers with the national programs for TB. It is hence a forceful approach aimed at restricting the right of prescribing and dispensing the drugs to national TB programs or even to providers who have been accredited by the program. It is a measure that has seen to effectively work in countries like Tanzania, Ghana, Syria, and Brazil as it promotes the awareness of patients on poor subscription and the health threats that can occur as a result of substandard medication according to Nathanson et al. (2016). Ensuring supply or access to quality-assured TB drugs According to the Global Tuberculosis Report (2015), only 18% of newly reported cases of tuberculosis were treated with fixed-dose combinations of the tuberculosis drugs in 2015. This was despite their potential of reducing the risk of developing drug resistance and logistic advantages. Ngosa Naidoo (2016) also reports a documentation of the use of poor-quality and counterfeit anti-tuberculosis drugs that can easily lead to amplification and development of drug resistance despite the fact that there is still no accurate estimation of the scale of the problem. For effective prevention and management of MDR-TB, this policy is aimed at achieving or securing affordable and quality-assured anti-tuberculosis drugs to as to ensure a TB management process that meets the international quality standards for different federal states globally. However, Nathanson et al. (2016) assert that achieving this policy has not been easy for the past four years since particular concerns and reports for inc reasing the scale of MDR-TB management is as a result of the insufficiency in the supply of quality-assured, second-line anti-TB drugs. For this reason, Singhal et al. (2016) recommend that building a second-line anti-TB drug with improved quality in meeting the increased volumes requires an accurate forecasting of the market demand. For the policy to be successfully implemented, it is necessary for national authorities to expedite the enrollment of more patients under properly managed medical care conditions. Prioritizing the control of TB infections In their review, Ghebremariam et al. (2016) point out that the inadequate measures of controlling MDR-TB infection have led to continuous transmission of both XDR and MDR TB in congregate settings and health care settings. The same review reports that no state with a high burden of TB has put in place systematic measures that reduce the transmission of the disease not only globally, but even at community levels. Health care professionals working with TB patients, as well as clinical settings with limited resources, are substantially at a higher risk of the infection than the general population Schmidt (2013). Therefore, healthcare settings that admit TB patients need to implement TB control measures complementing with the general measures of controlling infection, especially those targeting airborne infections. This policy thus aims at promoting community-based treatment management for the TB infected patients. As a result, if this policy, some federal states such as Australia do not only consider TB as a communicable disease but as an occupational hazard as well. The control of MDR-TB in such countries hence requires engagement with some stakeholders all across the healthcare system to promote a collaborative action that will ensure the process of treating TB becomes a priority not only to clinical organizations but with the public as well (McLaren, Schnippel Sharp, 2016). Optimization of disease management and care In his study, Dejene et al. (2016) point out that the transmission of the MDR-TB occurs mainly in communities as evidenced by the high MDR-TB frequencies among the previously untreated patients within the communities of some countries. In countries that face limited resources patients suffering from MDR or XDR TB first undergo a tow unsuccessful treatment course as well as a first-line antituberculosis medication before qualifying to be treated using second-line drugs. However, Ngosa Naidoo (2016) also reports that many countries have policies permitting the treatment process for MDR-TB only after its diagnosis is confirmed, a process the takes several months when conventional procedures are followed. The resulting effect is sustaining the patients within the communities as these conventional procedures are followed, a process that exposes more people to the infection. The aim of this policy is thus to initiate a prompt diagnosis as well as treatment of MDR-TB to reduce the case reproduction number of MDR-TB strains below the replacement rate. With complexities involved in treating the disease or caring for patients with the infection such as poorly tolerated drugs and lengthy days of therapy, Banna et al. point out that community-based or clinic-based care can be feasible and effective. However, Ghebremariam et al. (2016) point out that the feasibility for outpatients can only be effective with the availability of primary care facilities social support networks, and qualified health care providers who can promote adheres to the prescribed treatment process. Putting strategies in place for this policy hence requires a critical selection of suitable models taking into account the individual right and needs of the MDR-TB patients as asserted by Sung-Ching et al. (2016). Conclusion On the verge of preventing the MDR-TB from spreading, it is necessary that any patient diagnosed with TB completes the medication process as prescribed by the physician or the health care provider. Such a patient should not miss any dose or even stop the process of treatment at early stages. In the case of any trouble with the medication process, it is advisable that an individual informs the physician of the challenges faced. For instance, when a patient is traveling a long distance, he needs to ensure he has sufficient supply of the drugs he can use while in the journey so as to ensure he does not miss any dosage. The healthcare providers as well have the responsibility of ensuring a quick diagnosis of any reported case, follow the recommended treatment guidelines, monitor the response of the patients towards the treatment process, and ensure a complete therapy process. Preventing exposure to MDR-TB also requires people to avoid exposing themselves to known MDR TB patients in crowd ed or closed places such as prisons, hospitals, or even homeless shelters. A medical practitioner working with TB patients should also consult the occupational health experts or the infection control for advice on the administrative as well as environmental procedures and strategies to avoid infection. The procedures and strategies are like using individual respiratory protective devices that help in reducing the risks of infection. Despite the environmental factors that promote the spread of the infection, different policies can be strategically adopted to help in the management of MDR-TB. Abolishing barriers in finances, financing care, and control programs, engaging all medical providers, TB management, and care optimization, restricting availability or drugs, and ensuring the access of quality-assured anti-TB drugs are some of the measures that can be adopted to help in controlling the spread of this communicable disease. References Ahmad, N., Javaid, A., Syed Sulaiman, S. A., Basit, A., Afridi, A. K., Jaber, A. S., Khan, A. H. (2016). Effects of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment on Patients Health Related Quality of Life: Results from a Follow Up Study.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159560 Banna, T. M., Lesosky, M., Pepper, D. J., van der Plas, H., Schutz, C., Goliath, R., ... Meintjes, G. (2016). Prolonged tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: characteristics and risk factors.BMC Infectious Diseases,161-12. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1850-2 Ngosa, K., Naidoo, R. N. (2016). The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in underground copper miners in Zambia exposed to respirable silica: a cross-sectional study.BMC Public Health,161-7. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3547-2 Bastos, H. N., Osrio, N. S., Castro, A. G., Ramos, A., Carvalho, T., Meira, L., ... Saraiva, M. (2016). A Prediction Rule to Stratify Mortality Risk of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Plos ONE,11(9), 1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162797 Cadosch, D., Abel zur Wiesch, P., Kouyos, R., Bonhoeffer, S. (2016). The Role of Adherence and Retreatment in De Novo Emergence of MDR-TB.Plos Computational Biology,12(3), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004749 Dejene, S. W., Heitknig, I. A., Prins, H. T., Lemma, F. A., Mekonnen, D. A., Alemu, Z. E., ... de Boer, W. F. (2016). Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in Cattle in Ethiopia.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159083 Delgado, K., Guillen-Bravo, S., Revilla-Montag, A., Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (2015). Mortality among MDR-TB Cases: Comparison with Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis and Associated Factors.Plos ONE,10(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119332 Ghebremariam, M. K., Rutten, V. G., Vernooij, J. M., Uqbazghi, K., Tesfaalem, T., Butsuamlak, T., ... Michel, A. L. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Eritrea.BMC Veterinary Research,122-7. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0705-9 Global Tuberculosis Report, (2015), WHO, Geneva,www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/ Gupta, U. D., Vemuri, N., Gupta, P., Kumar, V., Tanushree, P., Khuller, G. K. (2015). Efficacy of moxifloxacin econazole against multidrug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis in murine model.Indian Journal Of Medical Research,142(3), 323-329. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.166599 Kumari, R., Tripathi, R., Pandey, A. P., Banerjee, T., Sinha, P., Anupurba, S. (2016). Rapid Screening of MDR-TB in Cases of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Geno Type MTBDRplus.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159651 Masini, E. O., Mansour, O., Speer, C. E., Addona, V., Hanson, C. L., Sitienei, J. K., ... Mungai, B. N. (2016). Using Survival Analysis to Identify Risk Factors for Treatment Interruption among New and Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients in Kenya.Plos ONE,11(10), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164172 McLaren, Z. M., Schnippel, K., Sharp, A. (2016). A Data-Driven Evaluation of the Stop TB Global Partnership Strategy of Targeting Key Populations at Greater Risk for Tuberculosis.Plos ONE,11(10), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163083 Nathanson, E., Nunn, P., Uplekar, M., Floyd, K., (2016). MDR-Tuberculosis: Critical policies for prevention, The New England journal of medicine, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0908076 Neil, S, W, William, N,R (2011).The Host Immune Response to Tuberculosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol.157, Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteriods: New Developments, pp. 679-691.doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9708002 Schmidt, C, W. (2013). Linking TB and the Environement: An overlooked mitigation strategy. Environ health prospect. 116(11): A478A485. Seung, K. J., Franke, M., Linton, S. W. (2016). Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in North Korea: Is Scale-Up Possible?.Plos Medicine,13(8), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002062 Singhal, P., Dixit, P., Singh, P., Jaiswal, I., Singh, M., Jain, A. (2016). A study on pre-XDR XDR tuberculosis their prevalent genotypes in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in north India.Indian Journal Of Medical Research,143(3), 341-347. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.182625 Sung-Ching, P., Chien-Chou, C., Yi-Ting, C., Hsing-Yi, C., Chi-Tai, F., Hsien-Ho, L. (2016). Health Care Visits as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis in Taiwan: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.American Journal Of Public Health,106(7), 1323-1328. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303152 van den Hof, S., Collins, D., Hafidz, F., Beyene, D., Tursynbayeva, A., Tiemersma, E. (2016). The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan.BMC Infectious Diseases,161-14. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x Villegas, L., Otero, L., Sterling, T. R., Huaman, M. A., Van der Stuyft, P., Gotuzzo, E., Seas, C. (2016). Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes of Isoniazid- and Rifampicin- Mono-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Lima, Peru.Plos ONE,11(4), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152933 Villegas, L., Otero, L., Sterling, T. R., Huaman, M. A., Van der Stuyft, P., Gotuzzo, E., Seas, C. (2016). Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes of Isoniazid- and Rifampicin- Mono-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Lima, Peru.Plos ONE,11(4), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152933 Virenfeldt, J., Rudolf, F., Camara, C., Furtado, A., Gomes, V., Aaby, P., (2014). Treatment delay affects clinical severity of tuberculosis: a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. 1;4(6):e004818.

Reconstruction Breast Surgery an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Reconstruction Breast Surgery The breasts of a woman have a significant role to play in making her feel confident and happy. If one's breasts are too big, she may feel embarrassed. On the other hand, if the breasts are too small, she may feel insecure and self-conscious (Edwards; Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Thus, breasts of the right shape and size could do wonders to a woman's self-esteem and confidence (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Need essay sample on "Reconstruction Breast Surgery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Breast reconstruction surgery provides solutions to these issues. Breast reconstruction is defined as a "field of plastic surgery in which the goal of surgery is to provide the patient with two balanced and symmetrical breasts (Wanzel and Brown)." Breast reconstruction surgery is often made available to women whose breasts had been removed due to breast cancer or those whose breasts underwent abnormal development (Wanzel and Brown). Plastic surgery of the breasts could also consist of either a breast augmentation, breast lift, or breast reduction. The first one is recommended for women with shrunk or underdeveloped breasts. Some women have shrunk breasts after child bearing. Thus, these women resort to breast augmentation to increase breast size where exercise is not enough (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online? Essay writers suggest: Find Your Helping Hand! On the other hand, the breast lift is recommended for women who suffer from sagging and flattened breasts as a result of weight gain or loss, pregnancy, breast-feeding, or gravity. Through plastic surgery or breast lift, the breasts could get firmer and shapelier and give the appearance of youth (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Finally, breast reduction is recommended for women who consider big breasts their problem. Physically, having big breasts could give the appearance of being fat or top heavy, which may not be pleasing to some. Moreover, big breasts are heavy to bear, which could affect a womans posture and proper breathing. Big breasts could also cause pain, backache, and difficulty in moving. Psychologically, big breasts could ruin a womans self-esteem, especially if she is a constant subject of ridicule, unwelcome attention, stares, and rude comments (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Surgical options In surgical breast reconstruction, there are generally two methods that could be used by a plastic surgeon to achieve results. The plastic surgeon could use either breast implants or autologous tissue to reconstruct the breasts. The choice in using one or both methods depends on various factors, such as general health status, breast cancer prognosis, and patient's age. Moreover, the preferences of both the patient and surgeon also matter. Finally, the use of living tissue would also depend on the availability of a suitable donor tissue (Wanzel and Brown). A breast implant like me was a popular choice in breast reconstruction prior to the advent of living tissue breast reconstruction (Brown; Wanzel and Brown). To date, I am still a very viable option for women wanting to have the surgical procedure (Wanzel and Brown). I often replace a mammary tissue after a mastectomy is conducted on a woman diagnosed with breast cancer, or when her breasts are removed (Wanzel and Brown). Breast reconstruction could occur immediately after mastectomy, which means that the plastic surgeon could use spare skin envelope coming from the removed breast, which enables breast reconstruction without the need for tissue expansion. The plastic surgeon could then place me and cover me with the saved skin, and making the new breasts appear natural (Wanzel and Brown). The amount of skin removed during a mastectomy depends on factors such as the location of the biopsy scar and tumor size. In a given scenario where the mastectomy already removed a significant amount of skin from the breast skin, there is a need to use tissue expanders before I am placed on a woman's body. In order to still achieve natural looking breasts and to improve the circulation and healing ability of the skin after mastectomy, tissue expansion is first required in order to allow the remaining breast skin to expand. Through tissue expanders, the remaining skin is stretched in preparation for my arrival. This process could take place either during or after mastectomy (Wanzel and Brown). The process involves the placement if an inflatable object in its collapsed form inside the pocket of the skin. The expander is then inflated through the slow introduction of fluid, which allows the skin to loosen and stabilize around the expander. After about six to twelve weeks, the expander is removed and I am permanently inserted into the pocket under the skin. The final result depends on the choices made by the patient and surgeon as to my texture, size and shape. For example, breast implants are of two shapes: anatomical and round. The patient could choose either, but round implants are cheaper because the anatomical ones, which are shaped more like real breasts, are more difficult to put in and are more expensive (Wanzel and Brown). I could also come as an expandable breast implant, and the procedure is similar to the placement of tissue expanders in the skin. This procedure, which has only been developed recently, only involves a one-staged procedure. The device is inserted only once (Wanzel and Brown). In most cases, I am implanted on the mastectomy site to avoid the creation of new scars. Before the surgery, the patient would be given either general anesthesia or intravenous sedation, whichever might be best to provide her comfort during the procedure (American Society of Plastic Surgeons). Recovery time for women ranges from three to four weeks, although one week may be enough for them to resume regular, non-strenuous activities. After surgery, there is a need to apply gauze or bandages on the incisions. Moreover, a support bra or bandage is needed to support the new breast and minimize swelling. A final note must be made, to the effect that breast reconstruction surgery through the insertion of implants has risks, such as implant rupture and lack of breast firmness (Wanzel and Brown). Works Cited American Society of Plastic Surgeons. "Breast Reconsturction." 2008. 26 Feb. 2008. Brown, S. Lori. "Epidemiology of Silicone-Gel Breast Implants." Epidemiology 13. 3 (2002): S34-S39. Edwards, Benjamin F. "Endoprostheses in Plastic Surgery." The American Journal of Nursing 64.5 (May, 1964): 123-125. Miller Cosmetic Surgery. "Surgery of the Breast." 2007. 26 Feb. 2008. Wanzel, Kyle R. and Mitchell H. Brown. "Reconstructive Breast Surgery." 26 Feb. 2008.