Global Warming Is A Hoax - 1506 Words

Global Warming is a Hoax Since 1975, the surface of the earth s average temperature has risen by 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit; global warming caused by greenhouse effect has become the focus topic of the world. It has long been recognized academically that due to the burning of coal, oil, natural gas and so on the carbon dioxide is the main culprit of global warming. I watched a documentary, which called â€Å"The Great Global Warming Swindle.† In the documentary, the scientists pointed out that there is no direct evidence that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming, global warming is more of propaganda, a kind of political activity. Normally, as an amateur people, should write this article emphasizes their neutrality, but actually, I agree with BBC. Global warming is the current hot topic; especially al gore s An Inconvenient way also won the Oscar. Now the world is small, and the world citizens all regard global warming as showing the superiority of yourself to the best subjects, some even seriously affect your life. So what is global warming? Global warming is, in essence, term for the observed century scale rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate and its related effect.(wiki) The greenhouse effect is mainly because the modern industrial society burned too much coal, oil and natural gas, the fuel combustion after release large amounts of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the function of heat absorption and heat insulation. ItShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming A Hoax?935 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming a Hoax? Have you ever had second thoughts about the possible outcome of an action, or who you could possibly be harming? Is it even possible for extreme weather to be caused by something as simple as driving your vehicle? There are many organizations that continue to make accusations that our actions are directly related to climate change. As we move into the future, more and more data is being released showing how the worlds pollution is affecting the climate. This doesn t comeRead MoreGlobal Warming is a Hoax Essay506 Words   |  3 PagesThe essay opens up with McKibben talking about how the political campaign against global warming is flawed because at our current point there is nothing much that can be done to fix it.(Mckibben,1) He then goes to state that humans are the biggest culprit behind global warming and supports this by giving examples such as SUVs and American ignorance.(2,9) He concludes by saying that if ten percent of America were to go green, it still would not save the p lanet, but ten percent could get the government’sRead MoreGlobal Warming Is No Theory Or Hoax Essay2076 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal warming is no theory or hoax, extensive scientific research by researchers across the globe can assure us of that. Although a large amount of information on the issue is readily available to the public, many Americans including our President-elect don’t believe in global warming. In an effort to inform the public of this very real occurrence, I will provide examples of climate change, its effects pertaining to the United States, and provide counter arguments against global warming’s oppositionRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Thing Or Hoax?1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat’s is Global Warming? Global Warming is defined as the overall increase in temperature of the earthly atmosphere which is caused by increased pollutants, most notably CO2 levels. Global warming is a man-made disaster that also stems deforestation and the gas es that come from the greenhouse effect. â€Å"Climate change is the greatest humanitarian crisis of our time, responsible for rising seas, raging storms, searing heat, ferocious fires, severe drought, and punishing floods†(NRDC). In short, it’sRead MoreGlobal Warming: The World’s Biggist Hoax Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAre we ruining the globe for our descendants; or are we finding a way to power our cars, lights, and homes? This is the question of global warming. I say this: global warming isn’t all it’s made out to be. There have been little, if any effects. We aren’t necessarily warming either. Although I know this for sure: WE ARE NOT THE CAUSE! To know what is going on, lets look at the big picture. Let’s start off at co2. Co2 has been helping us, and in no way is causing us any major problems. Co2 is a greatRead MoreGlobal Warming: Todays Grand Hoax Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pageshave become a current event in our world. The Earth’s climate is changing, the culprit, global warming. This is what popular media has guided us to believe. What causes global warming, â€Å"we do, with the emissions of carbon dioxide we produced†, claimed by the noble prize winning movie, The 11th Hour. Although in reality the Earth’s climate has gone through spikes in climate changes for centuries. Global warming has been turned into a symbolic gesture to gain support and money for those involved. Read MoreDebates On Global Warming658 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿I. Global Warming: Fact or Fiction A. Background of the debate on the perceived global warming phenomenon 1. Temperature increase 2. Disparity and the reasons why B. Arguments for the perceived fact of human influence on global warming 1. The greenhouse effect 2. Global disaster C. Arguments that human influence on global warming is fictitious 1. Amount of CO2 2. Natural reasons for global warming One of the most longstanding and most passionately debated topics in the scientificRead MoreParables Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1641 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Parables of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler earth’s current day issue of global warming has taken a turn for the worst, thus leaving many parts of the world severely depleted of usable water and years without rain. â€Å"It’s raining†¦ ‘well we have wind’, Cory said. ‘Wind and maybe a few drops of rain, or maybe just a little cool weather. That would be welcome. It’s all we’ll get.’That’s all there has been for six years† (butler 47). Is Octavia E. Butler novel Parables of the Sower predictingRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in the climate and the may result from the greenhous e effect. Many people do not believe that this is true. There are multiple studies that provide information to prove global warming is factual. As the years go by, the more damage is being done to our atmosphere and it is affecting the earth. It is not hard to believe that global warming affects the earth so negatively by the drastic changeRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Not Real Or Happening?1515 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious scientists indicate that, from carbon emissions and several other factors, global warming does exist. Countries throughout the world have been putting their efforts into research surrounding this topic to see if it is an actual problem. Globally, all of the top ten warmest years have happened since 1998 (NOAA, 2015). One of the most confused claims from citizens is that â€Å"It is cold outside, therefore global warming is not real or happening.† But, just because the temperature of one area is

Chinas One-Child Policy Essay - 1337 Words

Chinas One-Child Policy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In our society, the United States, children are seen potentially as the as the future. Whether they are male or female, they have the power to be something when they grow up. But if their life is cut short, the opportunity to do so is taken away. In 1976, China implemented what is known as the quot;One-Child Policyquot; in order to try and solve their problem of overpopulation (McDonald, 1996). Although the policy may seem as though it is a good idea in solving the problem, the consequences of this policy has lead to female infanticide. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout centuries, China has been battling with overpopulation, one of the biggest issues that the nation has†¦show more content†¦First of all, are they willing to keep the child since it is the only one they can legally keep? If the couple decides that the child they want is a male, they must decide on what to do with this child. What happens to the child ranges from giving them up to state orphanages to murder. Due to the enforcement of the one-child policy, many female children end up in orphanages (Beijing Review, 1997). Being put into an orphanage in our society would give the child a chance to live and maybe even be adopted by another family. In China, the conditions in the orphanages are so filthy that the neglect that they would have at home if the couple decided to keep the female would be better than the maltreatment they would receive. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many female children end up in orphanages in China rarely having males occupy them unless there was something wrong with the child. Each month 90 percent from 50 to 60 baby girls arrive in one of the many orphanages and end their lives their (Choe, 1995). The children sit on bamboo benches with their hands and feet tied to the armrests and legs of the chair. Below them are buckets that are placed under the holes in the seats to catch their excretions. When it is time for bed, the children are taken out of the seats and tied to their beds (Geographical Magazine, 1996). This is the treatment that that the children face everyday and the Chinese do not see a problem with such harshShow MoreRelatedThe One Child Policy in China2838 Words   |  12 Pages In 1979, China decided to establish a one child policy which states that couples are only allowed to have one child, unless they meet certain exceptions[1].In order to understand what social impacts the one child policy has created in China it important to evaluate the history of this law. China’s decision to implement a Child policy has caused possible corruption, an abuse of women’s rights, has led to high rates of female feticide, has created a gender ratio problem for China, and has led toRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1000 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy. This is something that I am against. I do not think you should limit a family to one child. There are many problems with this policy that I do not think were thought about when the policy was created. I have not found many good things about this policy. The only positive thing I have found about this policy is that it creates many chances for adoption. But most of these children who are up for adoption do not get adopted. So I do not support China’s one-child policy. One reasonRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1227 Words   |  5 PagesThe one child policy in the Peoples Republic of China has recently been lifted to allowed families to freely have two children rather than one. This policy, introduced to China in the late 1970’s, was due to a massive baby boom which had taken place in the 1960’s. In the early to late 1950’s the Chinese government had encouraged its citizens to produce children at a rapid rate in the hope of building a larger work force (Managing Population Change Case Study: China). In order to counteract this boomRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe One Child Policy China has had the new population control for almost 36 years, composed by the one-child policy and prohibited excess reproduction. The birth control plan has received praise on reducing the population, but also received criticism over the late 20th century. In 1979, couples were forced to pledge not to give second birth or bear any more children (Feng, 2014). From 1979 to 2015, while the population growth rate has reduced substantially, this implementation has been tremendouslyRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1745 Words   |  7 PagesChina’s One Child policy is a policy that the Chinese government introduced in 1979 to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. The Policy’s main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people. China’s one-child policy has led to unintended and negative consequences, such as a diminishing laborRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1925 Words   |  8 Pagespeople. It is the most populous country in the world and it is only increasing. The Chinese government has spent more than 40 years trying to slow their population growth. They have done so through their controversial one child policy. There is no denying that China’s one child policy changed the lives of Chinese citizens when it the Chinese Communist Party [CCP] in 1979 as a way of controlling population. Under Mao, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible, believingRead MoreThe One Child Policy Restricted Citizens Of China1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe one-child policy restricted citizens of China to one child per family. This family-planning policy was created in 1980 to help a growing population. The effects of this policy included millions of forced abortions and sterilizations (Wong 2). In 2013, the policy was rela xed because the drop in population created an age gap in China. Also the ratio of males to females became unequal. There were up to 116.9 boys for every 100 girls in China (Luo 2). The old continuity was a one-child policy putRead MoreRepercussions Of China s One Child Policy883 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy â€Å"China Will Have another Major Demographic Problem,† is an article on About.com written by Matt Rosernberg. It explains the great imbalance between man and women due to China’s One Child Policy, and how this situation will disturb the stability and development of China because the high numbers of bachelors tend to damage community by doing crimes and violence. The policy says that a couple could only have a child. This was created as a temporary solution since China was overpopulatedRead MoreEffects of One Child Policy in China Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe one-child policy in China forces families to only have one child by using harsh treatments such as undocumented children, forced abortions, and fines. The policy affects the elderly, economy, education levels, personality of children and the value of girls in China. Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese leader, created the one-child policy in 1979 in order to limit population growth of the Han Chinese. The policy takes away couples’ rights to have more than one child. Why does the government have to issueRead MoreSocial Consequences Of China One Child Policy723 Words   |  3 PagesWhile china One child Policy was aimed for improvement, the policy has caused some serious social consequences. The New England Journal of Medicine s article The Effect of China s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years discuss the social consequences of Chinas One child policy. The One child policy in china begin when Chinese governments viewed population containment as a benefit for living and economic improvement. They created a one child policy that limits the size of families, the policy

Multidrug- Resistance Tuberculosis Bacterial Infection

Question: Describe about the Multidrug- Resistance Tuberculosis for Bacterial Infection. Answer: Introduction Background information Tuberculosis (TB) is known to be a bacterial infection that spreads from one person to another through the air according to Ngosa Naidoo (2016). TB is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that normally affects the respiratory system organ called the lungs as well as other body parts like the kidney, the spine, or the brain. Even though TB is curable and treatable in most cases, people with TB can die if they do not get proper treatment. The disease occurs in two forms, i.e., active and latent forms. Active TB actively produces symptoms that can easily be transmitted to other individuals. On the other hand, latent TR occurs when an individual is not producing the symptoms and have no TB bacteria in the sputum as a result of body suppressing the growth and spread of the bacteria. As a result, Virenfeldt et al. (2014) point out that people with latent TB do not usually transfer the infection to other people unless in the failure of the immune system. In case if the failure, t he growth, and spread of the bacteria cannot be suppressed resulting to active TB making the person contagious. For this reason, latent TB is said to go dormant and can be reactivated in the later stages of infection as pointed out by Neil and William (2011). Objective of the paper In the treatment of TB, multi-drug treatment tends to be used for active TB patients. Depending on the public health or state regulations, a patient can use the drugs under the supervision of a healthcare professional or a physician. The Global Tuberculosis Report (2015) refers to the program as a Direct Observed Therapy aimed at preventing erratic treatment procedures that can result in the failure of the treatment process. With acquired resistance and continued risk transmission of the bacteria to the medication, a patient develops a resistant to the drugs used, a condition called multidrug-resistance (MDR) Tuberculosis. This paper presents a detailed analysis of MDR Tuberculosis as a re-emerging communicable disease. It focuses on the role of the causative agent of the disease, the host, as well as the environmental factors that favor the spread of the infection. It also examines a literature analysis on the potential policy responses that have been put in place so as to help in m anaging the infection. The paper then concludes with a brief summary of the major issues presented in the literature analysis. Analysis and discussion of the paper objectives The resistant of the multi-drugs used occurs when these drugs are mismanaged or misused by a patient. For instance, it occurs when a patient does not fully complete the dosage of the treatment prescription, when a wrong treatment is prescribed by the healthcare providers and a wrong length of time for taking the drugs or gives a wrong dosage. Other cases are reported that occurs when the drug supply is not available or when the drugs prescribed are of poor quality. On the other hand, Virenfeldt et al. (2014) point out that MDR-TB is common in individuals who do not regularly take the TB medicine and patients who develop TB disease after a previous infection and use of TB drugs. It also occurs in people who come from areas where drug-resistance is commonly reported or even in individuals who spent time with individuals reported to have drug resistance to TB infections. Role of the agent in the body if the host Human being is the host of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The point of entry of the TB bacteria into the body of the host is via the respiratory tract through the respiratory droplet nuclei infection that is small in size to pass through into the lower respiratory tract Villegas according to (2016). Once inside the lungs of the body, the bacterium has four potential fates. First, the organism can start multiplying immediately and start growing within the lungs after infection causing a primary condition of the disease known as primary tuberculosis. Secondly, the immune system of the host can be effective and will initially respond by killing the bacterium. In such cases, the patient has no chance of developing the infection shortly. Thirdly, it may become dormant and do not cause any disease making the patient develop a latent infection that can only manifest when the tuberculin skin test of the patients turns out to be positive. Fourthly, the latent organism starts growing resultin g in the occurrence of the clinical disease called reactivation tuberculosis according to Ngosa Naidoo (2016). In healthy hosts with the latent form of TB infection, Banna et al. (2016) in their study report that 5 % to 10% have a chance once in a lifetime of developing active TB disease. On the other hand, many compromised hosts with reduced immune system such as HVI patients have 7% chance of TB development once the latent infection is established. It hence makes apparent the importance of the body of the host in fighting infections as denoted by Villegas et al. (2016). In such a state, it is vital that the host is tested to know the form or level of the infection so as to initiate the right prescription of the appropriate drugs. It is at this point that the MDR develops depending on the response of the patient towards the dosage and treatment process. When the wrong drugs are prescribed, or the patient does not finish the recommended days of treatment, the body becomes resistance to the multiple drugs used for treatment, a condition that leads to the development of MDR tuberculosis Ahmed e t al. (2016). Environmental factors Many studies suggest that there is minimal difference between the risk of transmission of MDR-TB and other forms of tuberculosis. Singhal et al. (2016) point out that the spread of the infection is dependent on many environmental factors mainly the number and concentration of TB patients together as well as the presence of individuals with a higher risk of infection. The possibility of getting the infection increases with the time that uninfected individual spends in the same room with an infected person. In their study, Neil and William (2011) denote that the risk of spreading the disease increases with the concentration of the TB bacteria mainly in places with poor ventilation such as hospitals, prisons, houses, etc. However, many researchers and publications suggest other environmental potential risk factors that may lead to the increased risk of getting an infection. According to Masini et al. (2016), getting exposed to smoke is a risk factor that can greatly affect the spread of MDR-TB. Even though the proposed links between getting exposed to smoke and TB is currently defensible, the mechanism that underlines the idea is still unclear. Some scientists also speculate that smoking of cigarette boosts the infection of TB as it impairs the ability of cilia of the lungs to clear the presence of TB bacteria in the respiratory track. In such cases, Bastos (2016) point out that the body can naturally produce carbon monoxide to initiate apoptosis process that can lead to B latency. However, in cases of cigarette smoking and burning of biomass in places with less oxygen, apoptosis process declines drastically due to excess exposure to carbon monoxide and can prevent TB-infected cells from flourishing. Excessive use of alcohol is a behavioral factor, it is also said to increase the infection and progression risks. Excessive use of alcohol empires immune response and invite risky social interactions that can foster the transmission of TB. In their study, Sung-Ching et al. (2016) points out that the risk of TB is elevated in individuals who consume over 40 grams of alcohol every single day. Cases are also reported where TB patient stops taking their drugs as a result of excessive alcohol making them forget the need to take the drugs every single day. The TB drugs are as well very strong and require the body to have enough energy. As a result, patients with limited food supply suffer from malnutrition, a factor that as well causes patients to stop taking the drugs or forego the TB drugs and buy food despite the fact that they are TB patients (McLaren, Schnippel Sharp, 2016). Potential policy responses In the process of managing the spread of this communicable disease in various parts of the country, different policies have been designed to help different health practitioners and patients to manage the infection. As mentioned earlier, resistance to drugs occur as a result of several factors, some of which may be federal challenge such as the availability of sufficient drug supply. As a result, several research and publications have adopted different potential policies to help in managing the spread of the infection. These include; Restricting the availability of TB drugs Schmidt (2013) points out that TB drugs are widely available in many pharmaceutical shops globally thus encouraging self-treatment and purchase of inadequate combinations and quantities of medications. In the process of drug subscriptions, the individuals prescribing the drugs contrary to the national TB programs may fail to abide by the recommended regimens while other patients may only purchase part of the prescribed medication as a result of financial constraints. These procedures occur as a result of poor prescription and dispensation monitoring and regulation of the drugs. According to Singhal et al. (2016), the regulations may exist but are poorly and insufficiently enforced. This policy is hence aimed at voluntarily engaging private and public providers with the national programs for TB. It is hence a forceful approach aimed at restricting the right of prescribing and dispensing the drugs to national TB programs or even to providers who have been accredited by the program. It is a measure that has seen to effectively work in countries like Tanzania, Ghana, Syria, and Brazil as it promotes the awareness of patients on poor subscription and the health threats that can occur as a result of substandard medication according to Nathanson et al. (2016). Ensuring supply or access to quality-assured TB drugs According to the Global Tuberculosis Report (2015), only 18% of newly reported cases of tuberculosis were treated with fixed-dose combinations of the tuberculosis drugs in 2015. This was despite their potential of reducing the risk of developing drug resistance and logistic advantages. Ngosa Naidoo (2016) also reports a documentation of the use of poor-quality and counterfeit anti-tuberculosis drugs that can easily lead to amplification and development of drug resistance despite the fact that there is still no accurate estimation of the scale of the problem. For effective prevention and management of MDR-TB, this policy is aimed at achieving or securing affordable and quality-assured anti-tuberculosis drugs to as to ensure a TB management process that meets the international quality standards for different federal states globally. However, Nathanson et al. (2016) assert that achieving this policy has not been easy for the past four years since particular concerns and reports for inc reasing the scale of MDR-TB management is as a result of the insufficiency in the supply of quality-assured, second-line anti-TB drugs. For this reason, Singhal et al. (2016) recommend that building a second-line anti-TB drug with improved quality in meeting the increased volumes requires an accurate forecasting of the market demand. For the policy to be successfully implemented, it is necessary for national authorities to expedite the enrollment of more patients under properly managed medical care conditions. Prioritizing the control of TB infections In their review, Ghebremariam et al. (2016) point out that the inadequate measures of controlling MDR-TB infection have led to continuous transmission of both XDR and MDR TB in congregate settings and health care settings. The same review reports that no state with a high burden of TB has put in place systematic measures that reduce the transmission of the disease not only globally, but even at community levels. Health care professionals working with TB patients, as well as clinical settings with limited resources, are substantially at a higher risk of the infection than the general population Schmidt (2013). Therefore, healthcare settings that admit TB patients need to implement TB control measures complementing with the general measures of controlling infection, especially those targeting airborne infections. This policy thus aims at promoting community-based treatment management for the TB infected patients. As a result, if this policy, some federal states such as Australia do not only consider TB as a communicable disease but as an occupational hazard as well. The control of MDR-TB in such countries hence requires engagement with some stakeholders all across the healthcare system to promote a collaborative action that will ensure the process of treating TB becomes a priority not only to clinical organizations but with the public as well (McLaren, Schnippel Sharp, 2016). Optimization of disease management and care In his study, Dejene et al. (2016) point out that the transmission of the MDR-TB occurs mainly in communities as evidenced by the high MDR-TB frequencies among the previously untreated patients within the communities of some countries. In countries that face limited resources patients suffering from MDR or XDR TB first undergo a tow unsuccessful treatment course as well as a first-line antituberculosis medication before qualifying to be treated using second-line drugs. However, Ngosa Naidoo (2016) also reports that many countries have policies permitting the treatment process for MDR-TB only after its diagnosis is confirmed, a process the takes several months when conventional procedures are followed. The resulting effect is sustaining the patients within the communities as these conventional procedures are followed, a process that exposes more people to the infection. The aim of this policy is thus to initiate a prompt diagnosis as well as treatment of MDR-TB to reduce the case reproduction number of MDR-TB strains below the replacement rate. With complexities involved in treating the disease or caring for patients with the infection such as poorly tolerated drugs and lengthy days of therapy, Banna et al. point out that community-based or clinic-based care can be feasible and effective. However, Ghebremariam et al. (2016) point out that the feasibility for outpatients can only be effective with the availability of primary care facilities social support networks, and qualified health care providers who can promote adheres to the prescribed treatment process. Putting strategies in place for this policy hence requires a critical selection of suitable models taking into account the individual right and needs of the MDR-TB patients as asserted by Sung-Ching et al. (2016). Conclusion On the verge of preventing the MDR-TB from spreading, it is necessary that any patient diagnosed with TB completes the medication process as prescribed by the physician or the health care provider. Such a patient should not miss any dose or even stop the process of treatment at early stages. In the case of any trouble with the medication process, it is advisable that an individual informs the physician of the challenges faced. For instance, when a patient is traveling a long distance, he needs to ensure he has sufficient supply of the drugs he can use while in the journey so as to ensure he does not miss any dosage. The healthcare providers as well have the responsibility of ensuring a quick diagnosis of any reported case, follow the recommended treatment guidelines, monitor the response of the patients towards the treatment process, and ensure a complete therapy process. Preventing exposure to MDR-TB also requires people to avoid exposing themselves to known MDR TB patients in crowd ed or closed places such as prisons, hospitals, or even homeless shelters. A medical practitioner working with TB patients should also consult the occupational health experts or the infection control for advice on the administrative as well as environmental procedures and strategies to avoid infection. The procedures and strategies are like using individual respiratory protective devices that help in reducing the risks of infection. Despite the environmental factors that promote the spread of the infection, different policies can be strategically adopted to help in the management of MDR-TB. Abolishing barriers in finances, financing care, and control programs, engaging all medical providers, TB management, and care optimization, restricting availability or drugs, and ensuring the access of quality-assured anti-TB drugs are some of the measures that can be adopted to help in controlling the spread of this communicable disease. References Ahmad, N., Javaid, A., Syed Sulaiman, S. A., Basit, A., Afridi, A. K., Jaber, A. S., Khan, A. H. (2016). Effects of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment on Patients Health Related Quality of Life: Results from a Follow Up Study.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159560 Banna, T. M., Lesosky, M., Pepper, D. J., van der Plas, H., Schutz, C., Goliath, R., ... Meintjes, G. (2016). Prolonged tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: characteristics and risk factors.BMC Infectious Diseases,161-12. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1850-2 Ngosa, K., Naidoo, R. N. (2016). The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in underground copper miners in Zambia exposed to respirable silica: a cross-sectional study.BMC Public Health,161-7. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3547-2 Bastos, H. N., Osrio, N. S., Castro, A. G., Ramos, A., Carvalho, T., Meira, L., ... Saraiva, M. (2016). A Prediction Rule to Stratify Mortality Risk of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Plos ONE,11(9), 1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162797 Cadosch, D., Abel zur Wiesch, P., Kouyos, R., Bonhoeffer, S. (2016). The Role of Adherence and Retreatment in De Novo Emergence of MDR-TB.Plos Computational Biology,12(3), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004749 Dejene, S. W., Heitknig, I. A., Prins, H. T., Lemma, F. A., Mekonnen, D. A., Alemu, Z. E., ... de Boer, W. F. (2016). Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in Cattle in Ethiopia.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159083 Delgado, K., Guillen-Bravo, S., Revilla-Montag, A., Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (2015). Mortality among MDR-TB Cases: Comparison with Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis and Associated Factors.Plos ONE,10(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119332 Ghebremariam, M. K., Rutten, V. G., Vernooij, J. M., Uqbazghi, K., Tesfaalem, T., Butsuamlak, T., ... Michel, A. L. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Eritrea.BMC Veterinary Research,122-7. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0705-9 Global Tuberculosis Report, (2015), WHO, Geneva,www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/ Gupta, U. D., Vemuri, N., Gupta, P., Kumar, V., Tanushree, P., Khuller, G. K. (2015). Efficacy of moxifloxacin econazole against multidrug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis in murine model.Indian Journal Of Medical Research,142(3), 323-329. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.166599 Kumari, R., Tripathi, R., Pandey, A. P., Banerjee, T., Sinha, P., Anupurba, S. (2016). Rapid Screening of MDR-TB in Cases of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Geno Type MTBDRplus.Plos ONE,11(7), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159651 Masini, E. O., Mansour, O., Speer, C. E., Addona, V., Hanson, C. L., Sitienei, J. K., ... Mungai, B. N. (2016). Using Survival Analysis to Identify Risk Factors for Treatment Interruption among New and Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients in Kenya.Plos ONE,11(10), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164172 McLaren, Z. M., Schnippel, K., Sharp, A. (2016). A Data-Driven Evaluation of the Stop TB Global Partnership Strategy of Targeting Key Populations at Greater Risk for Tuberculosis.Plos ONE,11(10), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163083 Nathanson, E., Nunn, P., Uplekar, M., Floyd, K., (2016). MDR-Tuberculosis: Critical policies for prevention, The New England journal of medicine, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0908076 Neil, S, W, William, N,R (2011).The Host Immune Response to Tuberculosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol.157, Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteriods: New Developments, pp. 679-691.doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9708002 Schmidt, C, W. (2013). Linking TB and the Environement: An overlooked mitigation strategy. Environ health prospect. 116(11): A478A485. Seung, K. J., Franke, M., Linton, S. W. (2016). Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in North Korea: Is Scale-Up Possible?.Plos Medicine,13(8), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002062 Singhal, P., Dixit, P., Singh, P., Jaiswal, I., Singh, M., Jain, A. (2016). A study on pre-XDR XDR tuberculosis their prevalent genotypes in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in north India.Indian Journal Of Medical Research,143(3), 341-347. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.182625 Sung-Ching, P., Chien-Chou, C., Yi-Ting, C., Hsing-Yi, C., Chi-Tai, F., Hsien-Ho, L. (2016). 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Reconstruction Breast Surgery an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Reconstruction Breast Surgery The breasts of a woman have a significant role to play in making her feel confident and happy. If one's breasts are too big, she may feel embarrassed. On the other hand, if the breasts are too small, she may feel insecure and self-conscious (Edwards; Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Thus, breasts of the right shape and size could do wonders to a woman's self-esteem and confidence (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Need essay sample on "Reconstruction Breast Surgery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Breast reconstruction surgery provides solutions to these issues. Breast reconstruction is defined as a "field of plastic surgery in which the goal of surgery is to provide the patient with two balanced and symmetrical breasts (Wanzel and Brown)." Breast reconstruction surgery is often made available to women whose breasts had been removed due to breast cancer or those whose breasts underwent abnormal development (Wanzel and Brown). Plastic surgery of the breasts could also consist of either a breast augmentation, breast lift, or breast reduction. The first one is recommended for women with shrunk or underdeveloped breasts. Some women have shrunk breasts after child bearing. Thus, these women resort to breast augmentation to increase breast size where exercise is not enough (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online? Essay writers suggest: Find Your Helping Hand! On the other hand, the breast lift is recommended for women who suffer from sagging and flattened breasts as a result of weight gain or loss, pregnancy, breast-feeding, or gravity. Through plastic surgery or breast lift, the breasts could get firmer and shapelier and give the appearance of youth (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Finally, breast reduction is recommended for women who consider big breasts their problem. Physically, having big breasts could give the appearance of being fat or top heavy, which may not be pleasing to some. Moreover, big breasts are heavy to bear, which could affect a womans posture and proper breathing. Big breasts could also cause pain, backache, and difficulty in moving. Psychologically, big breasts could ruin a womans self-esteem, especially if she is a constant subject of ridicule, unwelcome attention, stares, and rude comments (Miller Cosmetic Surgery). Surgical options In surgical breast reconstruction, there are generally two methods that could be used by a plastic surgeon to achieve results. The plastic surgeon could use either breast implants or autologous tissue to reconstruct the breasts. The choice in using one or both methods depends on various factors, such as general health status, breast cancer prognosis, and patient's age. Moreover, the preferences of both the patient and surgeon also matter. Finally, the use of living tissue would also depend on the availability of a suitable donor tissue (Wanzel and Brown). A breast implant like me was a popular choice in breast reconstruction prior to the advent of living tissue breast reconstruction (Brown; Wanzel and Brown). To date, I am still a very viable option for women wanting to have the surgical procedure (Wanzel and Brown). I often replace a mammary tissue after a mastectomy is conducted on a woman diagnosed with breast cancer, or when her breasts are removed (Wanzel and Brown). Breast reconstruction could occur immediately after mastectomy, which means that the plastic surgeon could use spare skin envelope coming from the removed breast, which enables breast reconstruction without the need for tissue expansion. The plastic surgeon could then place me and cover me with the saved skin, and making the new breasts appear natural (Wanzel and Brown). The amount of skin removed during a mastectomy depends on factors such as the location of the biopsy scar and tumor size. In a given scenario where the mastectomy already removed a significant amount of skin from the breast skin, there is a need to use tissue expanders before I am placed on a woman's body. In order to still achieve natural looking breasts and to improve the circulation and healing ability of the skin after mastectomy, tissue expansion is first required in order to allow the remaining breast skin to expand. Through tissue expanders, the remaining skin is stretched in preparation for my arrival. This process could take place either during or after mastectomy (Wanzel and Brown). The process involves the placement if an inflatable object in its collapsed form inside the pocket of the skin. The expander is then inflated through the slow introduction of fluid, which allows the skin to loosen and stabilize around the expander. After about six to twelve weeks, the expander is removed and I am permanently inserted into the pocket under the skin. The final result depends on the choices made by the patient and surgeon as to my texture, size and shape. For example, breast implants are of two shapes: anatomical and round. The patient could choose either, but round implants are cheaper because the anatomical ones, which are shaped more like real breasts, are more difficult to put in and are more expensive (Wanzel and Brown). I could also come as an expandable breast implant, and the procedure is similar to the placement of tissue expanders in the skin. This procedure, which has only been developed recently, only involves a one-staged procedure. The device is inserted only once (Wanzel and Brown). In most cases, I am implanted on the mastectomy site to avoid the creation of new scars. Before the surgery, the patient would be given either general anesthesia or intravenous sedation, whichever might be best to provide her comfort during the procedure (American Society of Plastic Surgeons). Recovery time for women ranges from three to four weeks, although one week may be enough for them to resume regular, non-strenuous activities. After surgery, there is a need to apply gauze or bandages on the incisions. Moreover, a support bra or bandage is needed to support the new breast and minimize swelling. A final note must be made, to the effect that breast reconstruction surgery through the insertion of implants has risks, such as implant rupture and lack of breast firmness (Wanzel and Brown). Works Cited American Society of Plastic Surgeons. "Breast Reconsturction." 2008. 26 Feb. 2008. Brown, S. Lori. "Epidemiology of Silicone-Gel Breast Implants." Epidemiology 13. 3 (2002): S34-S39. Edwards, Benjamin F. "Endoprostheses in Plastic Surgery." The American Journal of Nursing 64.5 (May, 1964): 123-125. Miller Cosmetic Surgery. "Surgery of the Breast." 2007. 26 Feb. 2008. Wanzel, Kyle R. and Mitchell H. Brown. "Reconstructive Breast Surgery." 26 Feb. 2008.